Innovation comes from opportunity and diversity. Can diversity and innovation be engineered? We all see the newspaper pronouncements of local, state, or federal tax incentives to draw investors and to build innovation clusters .
The key for clusters to succeed is for clusters to cultivate of high, value-add industries and supply chains as well as a sustainable competitive AND comparative advantage to other regions. However, these seeds for sustained regional growth can do little against poor government policy, and conversely, government policy has little to do with sustainable cluster building.
In a post by Professor William Webb Freng titled Can Regional Clusters be Engineered he presents a great case study:
Although the Cambridge Cluster is widely admired, it generates relatively little wealth and employment for the region. Even the most successful companies, such as ARM and CSR, both with huge stock-market valuation for their businesses of creating chips mostly for telecommunications applications, employ relatively few people in the region.
The successes in Cambridge have generated substantial wealth for their founders but have had little overall effect on, say, employment or the average salary in a region.
Efforts seeded in 1970 took 15 years (1985) before the “cluster” category was assigned to Cambrige. Now in 2010 we have 40 years of data to audit and draw inference if the Cambridge Cluster is even successful?
From Dr. Freng’s article is he presenting a quality assurance checklist? Not sure, but it is good insight that I’ll put along Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations and Florida’s Rise of the Creative Class – in another post.
It takes very little to recall the global business climate of 1970: runaway inflation, high unemployment, oil crisis, the Bretton Woods buckle, removing the gold standard. Today’s globalization has presented a seemingly unending race to find the bottom of costs. Does any region have 40 years to invest in a cluster strategy, just to yield dubious results:
The problems faced by anyone wanting to create new clusters also raises the intriguing question as to whether a country is best served by having a few large clusters or multiple smaller ones. However, while regional development agencies consider their geographical areas in isolation – with many trying to clone existing biotechnology clusters, such as – answering this question is not likely to change current policy, at a regional level at least.
Translation: all politics is local politics, so policy makers don’t care if it is a regional or federal opportunity, it has to impact their backyard. So, who benefits?
The theory seems sound, create a co-located supply chain fertilized by education, talent, and infrastructure and liberally water with tax incentives, sit back, and reap the results from increased tax revenue and the whole trickle down. Where has it worked?
It is certainly worth identifying and cultivating what works, but a 40-year time horizon is tough to stomach in the global race to the bottom.
We know there is always a more desperate country willing to offer more tax incentives and cheaper labor. The companies, themselves, have little allegiance to a country or a culture in the race for profits. Asia is a good example, since World War II, first Japan, then Korea, then Taiwan, now China and already people are sniffing around to get out of China. The Special Economic Zones China built to replicate Hong Kong are interesting, but sustainable advantages?
While people and companies are mobile, universities are more community based. Cluster partnership with colleges and universities is important.
It boggles my mind Boston, Massachusetts represents the highest amount of universities and colleges in any region in the world, but lags significantly behind, deeply, Silicon Valley. Boston, by their annual influx of global talent should be the innovation epicenter that their “Hub” nickname alludes to.
That Boston and Massachusetts is not is a policy issue as elected officials and their policies impact infrastructure, tax incentives, cost of living, and all reasons for talent flight. Boston and the 128 beltway is a model for lessons learned on what not to do.
But let’s step back one step further to find a forum to discuss if universities are truly preparing their students or just money-making endeavors and what their relationship to means to clusters…
No doubt I got some things wrong, or left out some important ideas. Please let me know what you think and suggestions you have for me to add value.
Further Reads:
Download: Can Regional Clusters Be Engineered – Professor William Webb Freng .pdf
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